21 Emissivity tables

This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems.

21.1 References

Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation,‎ A Handbook for Applications,‎ Plenum press,‎ N.Y.
William L. Wolfe,‎ George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook,‎ Office of Naval Research,‎ Department of Navy,‎ Washington,‎ D.C.
Madding,‎ R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison,‎ Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin – Extension,‎ Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology,‎ Office of Naval Research,‎ Department of Navy,‎ Washington,‎ D.C.
Jones,‎ Smith,‎ Probert: External thermography of buildings...,‎ Proc. of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,‎ vol.110,‎ Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology,‎ June 1977 London.
Paljak,‎ Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings,‎ Swedish Building Research Institute,‎ Stockholm 1972.
Vlcek,‎ J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites,‎ Defence Documentation Center,‎ AD 617 417.
Öhman,‎ Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport,‎ AGEMA 1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report,‎ AGEMA 1999.)‎
Matteï,‎ S.,‎ Tang-Kwor,‎ E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21 between –36°C AND 82°C.
Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)‎
ITC Technical publication 32.
ITC Technical publication 29.
Schuster,‎ Norbert and Kolobrodov,‎ Valentin G. Infrarotthermographie. Berlin: Wiley-VCH,‎ 2000.

21.2 Tables

Table 21.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm,‎ LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference

1	2	3	4	5	6
3M type 35	Vinyl electrical tape (several colors)‎	< 80	LW	≈ 0.96	13
3M type 88	Black vinyl electrical tape	< 105	LW	≈ 0.96	13
3M type 88	Black vinyl electrical tape	< 105	MW	< 0.96	13
3M type Super 33+‎	Black vinyl electrical tape	< 80	LW	≈ 0.96	13
Aluminum	anodized sheet	100	T	0.55	2
Aluminum	anodized,‎ black,‎ dull	70	SW	0.67	9
Aluminum	anodized,‎ black,‎ dull	70	LW	0.95	9
Aluminum	anodized,‎ light gray,‎ dull	70	SW	0.61	9
Aluminum	anodized,‎ light gray,‎ dull	70	LW	0.97	9
Aluminum	as received,‎ plate	100	T	0.09	4
Aluminum	as received,‎ sheet	100	T	0.09	2
Aluminum	cast,‎ blast cleaned	70	SW	0.47	9
Aluminum	cast,‎ blast cleaned	70	LW	0.46	9
Aluminum	dipped in HNO3,‎ plate	100	T	0.05	4
Aluminum	foil	27	10 µm	0.04	3
Aluminum	foil	27	3 µm	0.09	3
Aluminum	oxidized,‎ strongly	50–500	T	0.2–0.3	1
Aluminum	polished	50–100	T	0.04–0.06	1
Aluminum	polished plate	100	T	0.05	4
Aluminum	polished,‎ sheet	100	T	0.05	2
Aluminum	rough surface	20–50	T	0.06–0.07	1
Aluminum	roughened	27	10 µm	0.18	3
Aluminum	roughened	27	3 µm	0.28	3
Aluminum	sheet,‎ 4 samples differently scratched	70	SW	0.05–0.08	9
Aluminum	sheet,‎ 4 samples differently scratched	70	LW	0.03–0.06	9
Aluminum	vacuum deposited	20	T	0.04	2
Aluminum	weathered,‎ heavily	17	SW	0.83–0.94	5
Aluminum bronze		20	T	0.60	1
Aluminum hydroxide	powder		T	0.28	1
Aluminum oxide	activated,‎ powder		T	0.46	1
Aluminum oxide	pure,‎ powder (alumina)‎		T	0.16	1
Asbestos	board	20	T	0.96	1
Asbestos	fabric		T	0.78	1
Asbestos	floor tile	35	SW	0.94	7
Asbestos	paper	40–400	T	0.93–0.95	1
Asbestos	powder		T	0.40–0.60	1
Asbestos	slate	20	T	0.96	1
Asphalt paving		4	LLW	0.967	8
Brass	dull,‎ tarnished	20–350	T	0.22	1
Brass	oxidized	100	T	0.61	2
Brass	oxidized	70	SW	0.04–0.09	9
Brass	oxidized	70	LW	0.03–0.07	9
Brass	oxidized at 600°C	200–600	T	0.59–0.61	1
Brass	polished	200	T	0.03	1
Brass	polished,‎ highly	100	T	0.03	2
Brass	rubbed with 80-grit emery	20	T	0.20	2
Brass	sheet,‎ rolled	20	T	0.06	1
Brass	sheet,‎ worked with emery	20	T	0.2	1
Brick	alumina	17	SW	0.68	5
Brick	common	17	SW	0.86–0.81	5
Brick	Dinas silica,‎ glazed,‎ rough	1100	T	0.85	1
Brick	Dinas silica,‎ refractory	1000	T	0.66	1
Brick	Dinas silica,‎ unglazed,‎ rough	1000	T	0.80	1
Brick	firebrick	17	SW	0.68	5
Brick	fireclay	1000	T	0.75	1
Brick	fireclay	1200	T	0.59	1
Brick	fireclay	20	T	0.85	1
Brick	masonry	35	SW	0.94	7
Brick	masonry,‎ plastered	20	T	0.94	1
Brick	red,‎ common	20	T	0.93	2
Brick	red,‎ rough	20	T	0.88–0.93	1
Brick	refractory,‎ corundum	1000	T	0.46	1
Brick	refractory,‎ magnesite	1000–1300	T	0.38	1
Brick	refractory,‎ strongly radiating	500–1000	T	0.8–0.9	1
Brick	refractory,‎ weakly radiating	500–1000	T	0.65–0.75	1
Brick	silica,‎ 95% SiO2	1230	T	0.66	1
Brick	sillimanite,‎ 33% SiO2,‎ 64% Al2O3	1500	T	0.29	1
Brick	waterproof	17	SW	0.87	5
Bronze	phosphor bronze	70	SW	0.08	9
Bronze	phosphor bronze	70	LW	0.06	9
Bronze	polished	50	T	0.1	1
Bronze	porous,‎ rough	50–150	T	0.55	1
Bronze	powder		T	0.76–0.80	1
Carbon	candle soot	20	T	0.95	2
Carbon	charcoal powder		T	0.96	1
Carbon	graphite powder		T	0.97	1
Carbon	graphite,‎ filed surface	20	T	0.98	2
Carbon	lampblack	20–400	T	0.95–0.97	1
Chipboard	untreated	20	SW	0.90	6
Chromium	polished	50	T	0.10	1
Chromium	polished	500–1000	T	0.28–0.38	1
Clay	fired	70	T	0.91	1
Cloth	black	20	T	0.98	1
Concrete		20	T	0.92	2
Concrete	dry	36	SW	0.95	7
Concrete	rough	17	SW	0.97	5
Concrete	walkway	5	LLW	0.974	8
Copper	commercial,‎ burnished	20	T	0.07	1
Copper	electrolytic,‎ carefully polished	80	T	0.018	1
Copper	electrolytic,‎ polished	–34	T	0.006	4
Copper	molten	1100–1300	T	0.13–0.15	1
Copper	oxidized	50	T	0.6–0.7	1
Copper	oxidized to blackness		T	0.88	1
Copper	oxidized,‎ black	27	T	0.78	4
Copper	oxidized,‎ heavily	20	T	0.78	2
Copper	polished	50–100	T	0.02	1
Copper	polished	100	T	0.03	2
Copper	polished,‎ commercial	27	T	0.03	4
Copper	polished,‎ mechanical	22	T	0.015	4
Copper	pure,‎ carefully prepared surface	22	T	0.008	4
Copper	scraped	27	T	0.07	4
Copper dioxide	powder		T	0.84	1
Copper oxide	red,‎ powder		T	0.70	1
Ebonite			T	0.89	1
Emery	coarse	80	T	0.85	1
Enamel		20	T	0.9	1
Enamel	lacquer	20	T	0.85–0.95	1
Fiber board	hard,‎ untreated	20	SW	0.85	6
Fiber board	masonite	70	SW	0.75	9
Fiber board	masonite	70	LW	0.88	9
Fiber board	particle board	70	SW	0.77	9
Fiber board	particle board	70	LW	0.89	9
Fiber board	porous,‎ untreated	20	SW	0.85	6
Glass pane (float glass)‎	non-coated	20	LW	0.97	14
Gold	polished	130	T	0.018	1
Gold	polished,‎ carefully	200–600	T	0.02–0.03	1
Gold	polished,‎ highly	100	T	0.02	2
Granite	polished	20	LLW	0.849	8
Granite	rough	21	LLW	0.879	8
Granite	rough,‎ 4 different samples	70	SW	0.95–0.97	9
Granite	rough,‎ 4 different samples	70	LW	0.77–0.87	9
Gypsum		20	T	0.8–0.9	1
Ice: See Water
Iron and steel	cold rolled	70	SW	0.20	9
Iron and steel	cold rolled	70	LW	0.09	9
Iron and steel	covered with red rust	20	T	0.61–0.85	1
Iron and steel	electrolytic	100	T	0.05	4
Iron and steel	electrolytic	22	T	0.05	4
Iron and steel	electrolytic	260	T	0.07	4
Iron and steel	electrolytic,‎ carefully polished	175–225	T	0.05–0.06	1
Iron and steel	freshly worked with emery	20	T	0.24	1
Iron and steel	ground sheet	950–1100	T	0.55–0.61	1
Iron and steel	heavily rusted sheet	20	T	0.69	2
Iron and steel	hot rolled	130	T	0.60	1
Iron and steel	hot rolled	20	T	0.77	1
Iron and steel	oxidized	100	T	0.74	4
Iron and steel	oxidized	100	T	0.74	1
Iron and steel	oxidized	1227	T	0.89	4
Iron and steel	oxidized	125–525	T	0.78–0.82	1
Iron and steel	oxidized	200	T	0.79	2
Iron and steel	oxidized	200–600	T	0.80	1
Iron and steel	oxidized strongly	50	T	0.88	1
Iron and steel	oxidized strongly	500	T	0.98	1
Iron and steel	polished	100	T	0.07	2
Iron and steel	polished	400–1000	T	0.14–0.38	1
Iron and steel	polished sheet	750–1050	T	0.52–0.56	1
Iron and steel	rolled sheet	50	T	0.56	1
Iron and steel	rolled,‎ freshly	20	T	0.24	1
Iron and steel	rough,‎ plane surface	50	T	0.95–0.98	1
Iron and steel	rusted red,‎ sheet	22	T	0.69	4
Iron and steel	rusted,‎ heavily	17	SW	0.96	5
Iron and steel	rusty,‎ red	20	T	0.69	1
Iron and steel	shiny oxide layer,‎ sheet,‎	20	T	0.82	1
Iron and steel	shiny,‎ etched	150	T	0.16	1
Iron and steel	wrought,‎ carefully polished	40–250	T	0.28	1
Iron galvanized	heavily oxidized	70	SW	0.64	9
Iron galvanized	heavily oxidized	70	LW	0.85	9
Iron galvanized	sheet	92	T	0.07	4
Iron galvanized	sheet,‎ burnished	30	T	0.23	1
Iron galvanized	sheet,‎ oxidized	20	T	0.28	1
Iron tinned	sheet	24	T	0.064	4
Iron,‎ cast	casting	50	T	0.81	1
Iron,‎ cast	ingots	1000	T	0.95	1
Iron,‎ cast	liquid	1300	T	0.28	1
Iron,‎ cast	machined	800–1000	T	0.60–0.70	1
Iron,‎ cast	oxidized	100	T	0.64	2
Iron,‎ cast	oxidized	260	T	0.66	4
Iron,‎ cast	oxidized	38	T	0.63	4
Iron,‎ cast	oxidized	538	T	0.76	4
Iron,‎ cast	oxidized at 600°C	200–600	T	0.64–0.78	1
Iron,‎ cast	polished	200	T	0.21	1
Iron,‎ cast	polished	38	T	0.21	4
Iron,‎ cast	polished	40	T	0.21	2
Iron,‎ cast	unworked	900–1100	T	0.87–0.95	1
Krylon Ultra-flat black 1602	Flat black	Room temperature up to 175	LW	≈ 0.96	12
Krylon Ultra-flat black 1602	Flat black	Room temperature up to 175	MW	≈ 0.97	12
Lacquer	3 colors sprayed on Aluminum	70	SW	0.50–0.53	9
Lacquer	3 colors sprayed on Aluminum	70	LW	0.92–0.94	9
Lacquer	Aluminum on rough surface	20	T	0.4	1
Lacquer	bakelite	80	T	0.83	1
Lacquer	black,‎ dull	40–100	T	0.96–0.98	1
Lacquer	black,‎ matte	100	T	0.97	2
Lacquer	black,‎ shiny,‎ sprayed on iron	20	T	0.87	1
Lacquer	heat–resistant	100	T	0.92	1
Lacquer	white	100	T	0.92	2
Lacquer	white	40–100	T	0.8–0.95	1
Lead	oxidized at 200°C	200	T	0.63	1
Lead	oxidized,‎ gray	20	T	0.28	1
Lead	oxidized,‎ gray	22	T	0.28	4
Lead	shiny	250	T	0.08	1
Lead	unoxidized,‎ polished	100	T	0.05	4
Lead red		100	T	0.93	4
Lead red,‎ powder		100	T	0.93	1
Leather	tanned		T	0.75–0.80	1
Lime			T	0.3–0.4	1
Magnesium		22	T	0.07	4
Magnesium		260	T	0.13	4
Magnesium		538	T	0.18	4
Magnesium	polished	20	T	0.07	2
Magnesium powder			T	0.86	1
Molybdenum		1500–2200	T	0.19–0.26	1
Molybdenum		600–1000	T	0.08–0.13	1
Molybdenum	filament	700–2500	T	0.1–0.3	1
Mortar		17	SW	0.87	5
Mortar	dry	36	SW	0.94	7
Nextel Velvet 811-21 Black	Flat black	–60–150	LW	> 0.97	10 and 11
Nichrome	rolled	700	T	0.25	1
Nichrome	sandblasted	700	T	0.70	1
Nichrome	wire,‎ clean	50	T	0.65	1
Nichrome	wire,‎ clean	500–1000	T	0.71–0.79	1
Nichrome	wire,‎ oxidized	50–500	T	0.95–0.98	1
Nickel	bright matte	122	T	0.041	4
Nickel	commercially pure,‎ polished	100	T	0.045	1
Nickel	commercially pure,‎ polished	200–400	T	0.07–0.09	1
Nickel	electrolytic	22	T	0.04	4
Nickel	electrolytic	260	T	0.07	4
Nickel	electrolytic	38	T	0.06	4
Nickel	electrolytic	538	T	0.10	4
Nickel	electroplated on iron,‎ polished	22	T	0.045	4
Nickel	electroplated on iron,‎ unpolished	20	T	0.11–0.40	1
Nickel	electroplated on iron,‎ unpolished	22	T	0.11	4
Nickel	electroplated,‎ polished	20	T	0.05	2
Nickel	oxidized	1227	T	0.85	4
Nickel	oxidized	200	T	0.37	2
Nickel	oxidized	227	T	0.37	4
Nickel	oxidized at 600°C	200–600	T	0.37–0.48	1
Nickel	polished	122	T	0.045	4
Nickel	wire	200–1000	T	0.1–0.2	1
Nickel oxide		1000–1250	T	0.75–0.86	1
Nickel oxide		500–650	T	0.52–0.59	1
Oil,‎ lubricating	0.025 mm film	20	T	0.27	2
Oil,‎ lubricating	0.050 mm film	20	T	0.46	2
Oil,‎ lubricating	0.125 mm film	20	T	0.72	2
Oil,‎ lubricating	film on Ni base: Ni base only	20	T	0.05	2
Oil,‎ lubricating	thick coating	20	T	0.82	2
Paint	8 different colors and qualities	70	SW	0.88–0.96	9
Paint	8 different colors and qualities	70	LW	0.92–0.94	9
Paint	Aluminum,‎ various ages	50–100	T	0.27–0.67	1
Paint	cadmium yellow		T	0.28–0.33	1
Paint	chrome green		T	0.65–0.70	1
Paint	cobalt blue		T	0.7–0.8	1
Paint	oil	17	SW	0.87	5
Paint	oil based,‎ average of 16 colors	100	T	0.94	2
Paint	oil,‎ black flat	20	SW	0.94	6
Paint	oil,‎ black gloss	20	SW	0.92	6
Paint	oil,‎ gray flat	20	SW	0.97	6
Paint	oil,‎ gray gloss	20	SW	0.96	6
Paint	oil,‎ various colors	100	T	0.92–0.96	1
Paint	plastic,‎ black	20	SW	0.95	6
Paint	plastic,‎ white	20	SW	0.84	6
Paper	4 different colors	70	SW	0.68–0.74	9
Paper	4 different colors	70	LW	0.92–0.94	9
Paper	black		T	0.90	1
Paper	black,‎ dull		T	0.94	1
Paper	black,‎ dull	70	SW	0.86	9
Paper	black,‎ dull	70	LW	0.89	9
Paper	blue,‎ dark		T	0.84	1
Paper	coated with black lacquer		T	0.93	1
Paper	green		T	0.85	1
Paper	red		T	0.76	1
Paper	white	20	T	0.7–0.9	1
Paper	white bond	20	T	0.93	2
Paper	white,‎ 3 different glosses	70	SW	0.76–0.78	9
Paper	white,‎ 3 different glosses	70	LW	0.88–0.90	9
Paper	yellow		T	0.72	1
Plaster		17	SW	0.86	5
Plaster	plasterboard,‎ untreated	20	SW	0.90	6
Plaster	rough coat	20	T	0.91	2
Plastic	glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board)‎	70	SW	0.94	9
Plastic	glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board)‎	70	LW	0.91	9
Plastic	polyurethane isolation board	70	LW	0.55	9
Plastic	polyurethane isolation board	70	SW	0.29	9
Plastic	PVC,‎ plastic floor,‎ dull,‎ structured	70	SW	0.94	9
Plastic	PVC,‎ plastic floor,‎ dull,‎ structured	70	LW	0.93	9
Platinum		100	T	0.05	4
Platinum		1000–1500	T	0.14–0.18	1
Platinum		1094	T	0.18	4
Platinum		17	T	0.016	4
Platinum		22	T	0.03	4
Platinum		260	T	0.06	4
Platinum		538	T	0.10	4
Platinum	pure,‎ polished	200–600	T	0.05–0.10	1
Platinum	ribbon	900–1100	T	0.12–0.17	1
Platinum	wire	1400	T	0.18	1
Platinum	wire	500–1000	T	0.10–0.16	1
Platinum	wire	50–200	T	0.06–0.07	1
Porcelain	glazed	20	T	0.92	1
Porcelain	white,‎ shiny		T	0.70–0.75	1
Rubber	hard	20	T	0.95	1
Rubber	soft,‎ gray,‎ rough	20	T	0.95	1
Sand			T	0.60	1
Sand		20	T	0.90	2
Sandstone	polished	19	LLW	0.909	8
Sandstone	rough	19	LLW	0.935	8
Silver	polished	100	T	0.03	2
Silver	pure,‎ polished	200–600	T	0.02–0.03	1
Skin	human	32	T	0.98	2
Slag	boiler	0–100	T	0.97–0.93	1
Slag	boiler	1400–1800	T	0.69–0.67	1
Slag	boiler	200–500	T	0.89–0.78	1
Slag	boiler	600–1200	T	0.76–0.70	1
Snow: See Water
Soil	dry	20	T	0.92	2
Soil	saturated with water	20	T	0.95	2
Stainless steel	alloy,‎ 8% Ni,‎ 18% Cr	500	T	0.35	1
Stainless steel	rolled	700	T	0.45	1
Stainless steel	sandblasted	700	T	0.70	1
Stainless steel	sheet,‎ polished	70	SW	0.18	9
Stainless steel	sheet,‎ polished	70	LW	0.14	9
Stainless steel	sheet,‎ untreated,‎ somewhat scratched	70	SW	0.30	9
Stainless steel	sheet,‎ untreated,‎ somewhat scratched	70	LW	0.28	9
Stainless steel	type 18-8,‎ buffed	20	T	0.16	2
Stainless steel	type 18-8,‎ oxidized at 800°C	60	T	0.85	2
Stucco	rough,‎ lime	10–90	T	0.91	1
Styrofoam	insulation	37	SW	0.60	7
Tar			T	0.79–0.84	1
Tar	paper	20	T	0.91–0.93	1
Tile	glazed	17	SW	0.94	5
Tin	burnished	20–50	T	0.04–0.06	1
Tin	tin–plated sheet iron	100	T	0.07	2
Titanium	oxidized at 540°C	1000	T	0.60	1
Titanium	oxidized at 540°C	200	T	0.40	1
Titanium	oxidized at 540°C	500	T	0.50	1
Titanium	polished	1000	T	0.36	1
Titanium	polished	200	T	0.15	1
Titanium	polished	500	T	0.20	1
Tungsten		1500–2200	T	0.24–0.31	1
Tungsten		200	T	0.05	1
Tungsten		600–1000	T	0.1–0.16	1
Tungsten	filament	3300	T	0.39	1
Varnish	flat	20	SW	0.93	6
Varnish	on oak parquet floor	70	SW	0.90	9
Varnish	on oak parquet floor	70	LW	0.90–0.93	9
Wallpaper	slight pattern,‎ light gray	20	SW	0.85	6
Wallpaper	slight pattern,‎ red	20	SW	0.90	6
Water	distilled	20	T	0.96	2
Water	frost crystals	–10	T	0.98	2
Water	ice,‎ covered with heavy frost	0	T	0.98	1
Water	ice,‎ smooth	0	T	0.97	1
Water	ice,‎ smooth	–10	T	0.96	2
Water	layer >0.1 mm thick	0–100	T	0.95–0.98	1
Water	snow		T	0.8	1
Water	snow	–10	T	0.85	2
Wood		17	SW	0.98	5
Wood		19	LLW	0.962	8
Wood	ground		T	0.5–0.7	1
Wood	pine,‎ 4 different samples	70	SW	0.67–0.75	9
Wood	pine,‎ 4 different samples	70	LW	0.81–0.89	9
Wood	planed	20	T	0.8–0.9	1
Wood	planed oak	20	T	0.90	2
Wood	planed oak	70	SW	0.77	9
Wood	planed oak	70	LW	0.88	9
Wood	plywood,‎ smooth,‎ dry	36	SW	0.82	7
Wood	plywood,‎ untreated	20	SW	0.83	6
Wood	white,‎ damp	20	T	0.7–0.8	1
Zinc	oxidized at 400°C	400	T	0.11	1
Zinc	oxidized surface	1000–1200	T	0.50–0.60	1
Zinc	polished	200–300	T	0.04–0.05	1
Zinc	sheet	50	T	0.20	1